1. The techniques and theories taught to apprentices are accumulated knowledge.
All know-how and theories are means of production. The fact that a theory is more radically false than true does not change anything. Economic theories or so-called economic theories are no exception.
2. The natural resources exploited by mankind provide energy and materials.
By expending their own physical and mental energy, humans extract energy and materials from solar radiation, flora, arable land, fauna, subsoil resources, wind, and water. All living beings must consume natural resources ceaselessly in order to stay alive and, in the case of mankind, to transform their conditions of life.
3. In the museum of natural resources , famous in the history of economic thought, one finds among others air, water, diamonds, and gold.
Air is there because it is free, in ordinary circumstances, while its usefulness is vital. Drinking water and diamonds are found there because of the lower cost of water, whereas its usefulness is vital and that of diamonds as an ornament is not. Gold is there because of its monetary use as a standard for all other economic exchange values. None of this, however, makes air, water, diamonds, or gold a commodity in themselves.
4. New human labor means a new expenditure of human energy.
In everyday life, work is opposed to leisure. It's inevitable. However, this should not be deceived. Leisure activities also require labor, as an expenditure of energy and exposure to fatigue for those who engage in them. And even sleeping, that's labor! Often the result of leisure activities is not only the pleasure they provide. Services and goods are produced there, without entering the economic circuit as long as they are not put on sale, given away or stolen.